Resumo O artigo busca avançar na agenda de investigações sobre o poder judiciário, aproximando as pesquisas sobre resolução de conflitos nos tribunais constitucionais àquelas sobre a mobilização de leis por grupos de interesse e movimentos sociais. As Audiências Públicas (APs) realizadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal são analisadas como arenas estratégicas de processamento de temas contenciosos nas quais atores diversos têm oportunidades de contribuir com as práticas jurídicas. O objetivo central do artigo é identificar os mecanismos de conexão e de transmissão das deliberações presentes nas audiências públicas realizadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) no período de 2007 a 2019. O problema de pesquisa foi formulado com o propósito de se investigar e analisar como a sociedade civil atua no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal. O resultado do artigo confirma as organizações da sociedade civil como principal conector das APs realizadas no STF, pois representam cerca de 40% das organizações presentes, simultaneamente, em mais de duas audiências.

We intend to advance the research agenda on the judiciary by bringing research on conflict resolution in constitutional courts closer to that on the mobilization of laws by interest groups and social movements. The Public Hearings (PAs) held by the Supreme Court are analyzed as strategic arenas for processing contentious issues in which diverse actors have opportunities to contribute to legal practices. The central objective of the article is to identify the mechanisms of connection and transmission of deliberations present in the public hearings held by the Supreme Court (STF) in the period from 2007 to 2019. The research problem was formulated with the purpose of investigating and analyzing how civil society acts within the Supreme Court. Finally, this article’s main result confirms civil society organizations as the main connector of the APs held at the STF, as they represent about 40% of the organizations present, simultaneously, in more than two hearings.

Resumen El artículo busca avanzar en la agenda de investigaciones sobre el Poder Judicial integrando las investigaciones sobre resolución de conflictos en los tribunales constitucionales con aquellas sobre la movilización de leyes por grupos de interés y movimientos sociales. Las Audiencias Públicas (AP) realizadas por la Suprema Corte Federal (STF) son analizadas como espacios estratégicos para la tramitación de asuntos contenciosos en los que diferentes actores tienen oportunidades de contribuir a las prácticas legales. El objetivo principal del artículo es identificar los mecanismos de conexión y transmisión de las deliberaciones presentes en las audiencias públicas celebradas por el STF en el período de 2007 a 2019. El problema de investigación se formuló con el propósito de investigar y analizar cómo la sociedad civil opera dentro del ámbito de la Corte Suprema Federal. El resultado del artículo confirma que las organizaciones de la sociedad civil son el principal conector de las Audiencias Públicas realizadas en el STF, ya que representan alrededor del 40% de las organizaciones presentes, simultáneamente, en más de dos APs.

Résumé L'article cherche à faire progresser l'agenda des enquêtes sur le pouvoir judiciaire en intégrant les recherches sur la résolution des conflits dans les cours constitutionnelles à celles sur la mobilisation des lois par les groupes d'intérêt et les mouvements sociaux. Les audiences publiques (AP) organisées par la Cour fédérale suprême sont analysées comme des arènes stratégiques pour le traitement des questions litigieuses dans lesquelles différents acteurs ont la possibilité de contribuer aux pratiques juridiques. L'objectif principal de l'article est d'identifier les mécanismes de mise en relation et de transmission des délibérations présentes lors des auditions publiques tenues par le Tribunal Fédéral (STF) entre 2007 et 2019. Le problème de recherche a été formulé dans le but d'enquêter et d'analyser comment la société opère dans le cadre de la Cour suprême fédérale. Le résultat du article confirme que les organisations de la société civile sont le principal connecteur des auditions publiques tenues au STF, puisqu'elles représentent environ 40% des organisations présentes, simultanément, dans plus de deux AP.

RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo do artigo é descrever o subsistema dos conselhos nacionais de políticas públicas e identificar quais seriam os principais conectores dessas arenas. A seguir, pretende-se apresentar as similitudes e diferenças nos subsistemas de conselhos entre os diferentes níveis de governo (município, estado e união). Isto é, investigam-se os efeitos do problema da escala para a teoria deliberativa. Materiais e métodos: Foram realizadas pesquisas nos sítios eletrônicos dos conselhos nacionais de políticas públicas. Obteve-se informação para vinte e cinco conselhos relativos à composição dos conselhos, principalmente, os segmentos que o compõe. A seguir, realizou-se uma técnica do campo da Análise de Redes Socais denominada affiliation network analysis or two-mode network. As informações foram processadas no software Pajek 5.0. O propósito é verificar a hipótese de que a elevação da escala aumenta a centralidade dos atores da burocracia (atores governamentais) como conectores principais das redes. Resultados: Um dos resultados principais é o de que os conselhos nacionais apresentam baixo grau de conectividade, diferentemente dos achados relativos ao município e estado presente em pesquisas anteriores. Encontramos, ainda, um expressivo número de conectores híbridos inexistentes e/ou presentes com menor importância nos municípios e Estado previamente analisados. A hipótese foi confirmada, pois foi bastante expressivo o papel dos conselheiros governamentais como conectores das arenas deliberativas analisadas. Discussão: O artigo contribui para a literatura ao sugerir a utilização de técnicas do campo da Análise de Redes Sociais para identificar os conectores das arenas deliberativas. Indica, ainda, os avanços e os limites da perspectiva sistêmica, com foco nos seus conectores e nos mecanismos de transmissão. Apresenta-se abordagem original dos subsistemas e realiza-se a descrição dos aspectos metodológicos envolvidos. A terceira contribuição problematiza os resultados da análise e propõe estratégias de continuidade desta agenda no campo de pesquisas, sobretudo, a possibilidade de se investigar os sistemas de políticas públicas e as possíveis conexões entre arenas de diferentes entes federativos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The objective of this article is to describe the subsystem of national public policy councils and to identify the main connectors of these arenas. Next, we intend to present the similarities and differences in the councils’ subsystems among the different levels of government (municipality, state, and union). That is, the effects of the problem of scale for deliberative theory will be investigated. Materials and methods: Research was carried out on the websites of the national public policy councils. Information was obtained for twenty-five councils regarding the composition of the councils, mainly the segments that compose it. Next, a technique from the field of Social Network Analysis, called affiliation network analysis or two-mode network, was used. The information was processed in the Pajek 5.0 software. The purpose is to verify the hypothesis that the increase in scale increases the centrality of the bureaucratic actors (governmental actors) as the main connectors of the networks. Results: One of the main results is that the national councils present a low degree of connectivity, unlike the findings regarding the municipality and state present in previous research. We also found a significant number of non-existent and/or less important hybrid connectors in the previously analyzed municipalities and states. The hypothesis was confirmed, since the role of government advisors as connectors in the deliberative arenas analyzed was quite expressive. Discussion: The article contributes to the literature by suggesting the use of techniques from the field of Analysis of Social Networks to identify the connectors of deliberative arenas. It also indicates the advances and limits of the systemic perspective, focusing on its connectors and transmission mechanisms. The original subsystems approach is presented and the methodological aspects involved are described. The third contribution problematizes the results of the analysis and proposes strategies for continuing this agenda in the field of research, especially the possibility of investigating public policy systems and the possible connections between arenas of different federative entities.

Abstract Enzymatic degradation of the hybrid layer can be accelerated by the activation of dentin metalloproteinases (MMP) during the bonding procedure. MMP inhibitors may be used to contain this process. Objective To evaluate the degree of conversion (DC%), dentin bond strength (µTBS) (immediate and after 1 year of storage in water), and nanoleakage of an experimental (EXP) and a commercial (SB) adhesive system, containing different concentrations of the MMP inhibitor GM1489: 0, 1 µM, 5 µM and 10 µM. Methodology DC% was evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Dentin bond strength was evaluated by µTBS test. Half of beams were submitted to the µTBS test after 24 h and the other half, after storage for 1 year. From each tooth and storage time, 2 beams were reserved for nanoleakage testing. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test to compare means (α=0.05). Results All adhesive systems maintained the µTBS after 1 year of storage. Groups with higher concentrations of inhibitor (5 µM and 10 µM) showed higher µTBS values than groups without inhibitor or with 1 µM. The nanoleakage values of all groups showed no increase after 1 year of storage and values were similar for SB and EXP groups, in both storage periods. The inhibitor did not affect the DC% of the EXP groups, but the SB5 and SB10 groups showed higher DC% values than those of SB0 and SB1. Conclusions The incorporation of GM1489 in the adhesive systems had no detrimental effect on DC%. The concentrations of 5 µM GM1489 for SB and 5 µM or 10 µM for EXP provided higher μTBS than groups without GM1489, in the evaluation after 1 year of storage; whereas the concentration of inhibitor did not affect adhesive systems nanoleakage.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the topography and microhardness of composite resin restorations submitted to different finishing and polishing systems before and after erosive challenge. Material and Methods: Thirty standardized cavities prepared in enamel-dentin blocks of bovine incisors were restored with Z350 composite resin, and randomly distributed into three groups (n=10) according to the finishing and polishing systems: G1 = Soflex 4 steps, G2 = Soflex Spiral 2 steps and G3 = PoGo (single step). The specimens were half protected with nail varnish and submitted to five immersions in Pepsi Twist®, for 10 minutes each, five times/day during six consecutive days. The initial and final challenge surface microhardness (SMHinitial and SMHfinal) of the composite resin was evaluated and the percentage of SMH loss (%SMHL) was calculated. After protection removal, the topographic change linear (Ra) and volumetric (Sa) roughness was evaluated in initial and final areas by using 3D non-contact optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by paired Student's t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and by ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: There was significant intra-group %SMHL in composite resin (p<0.05). Differences among groups in %SMHL, Ra/Sa in resin composite were not observed (p>0.05). SEM images revealed structural changes between the initial and final surfaces for all groups. Conclusion: The three types of finishing and polishing systems had a similar influence on %SMHL, Ra and Sa in the nanofilled composite resin.

Abstract Besides the effects on the health of individuals, cigarette smoking can also interfere with the appearance of their teeth. Objective: To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking-toothbrushing-cycling (CSTC) with whitening toothpastes on the roughness and optical behavior of bovine enamel for eight weeks. Material and Methods: Thirty bovine dentin/enamel discs, 8.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm thick, were randomly divided into three groups according to the toothpastes: whitening (Colgate Luminous White - CW and Oral B 3D White - OW), and a non-whitening (Colgate - C). The roughness, color (CIE L*a*b* system), translucency and gloss were measured before and after the specimens were submitted to CSTC. The topography of the specimens was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. During the first week, the specimens were daily subjected to the consumption of 20 cigarettes and brushed (40 strokes/100 g) with the toothpastes' slurries. Thereafter, the CSTC was weekly applied in an accumulated model (140 cigarettes/280 strokes) for seven weeks. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test, and paired-t test (α=0.05). Results: The three toothpastes produced significant changes in roughness, color, translucency and gloss (p<0.05). After eight weeks, the roughness and the gloss produced by the three toothpastes were similar (p>0.05), while OW produced the lowest color change and the translucency of C was lower than that of CW (p<0.05). The three toothpastes produced a significant decrease in L* values and a significant increase in a* values after eight weeks (p<0.05). No significant difference in the b* coordinate was found for OW (p=0.13) There were topographic changes in the enamel surfaces. Conclusions: The whitening toothpastes increased the roughness, changed the topography and were not able to maintain the optical stability of enamel exposed over eight weeks.

Abstract Although resin composites are widely used in the clinical practice, the development of recurrent caries at composite-tooth interface still remains as one of the principal shortcomings to be overcome in this field. Objectives To evaluate the activity against S. mutans biofilm of model resin composites incorporating different concentrations of ZnO-nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) and characterize their physicochemical properties. Materials and Methods Different concentrations of ZnO-NP (wt.%): E1=0, E2=0.5, E3=1, E4=2, E5=5 and E6=10 were incorporated into a model resin composite consisting of Bis-GMA-TEGDMA and barium borosilicate particles. The activity against S. mutans biofilm was evaluated by metabolic activity and lactic acid production. The following physicochemical properties were characterized: degree of conversion (DC%), flexural strength (FS), elastic modulus (EM), hardness (KHN), water sorption (Wsp), water solubility (Wsl) and translucency (TP). Results E3, E4, E5 and E6 decreased the biofilm metabolic activity and E5 and E6 decreased the lactic acid production (p<0.05). E6 presented the lowest DC% (p<0.05). No significant difference in FS and EM was found for all resin composites (p>0.05). E5 and E6 presented the lowest values of KHN (p<0.05). E6 presented a higher Wsp than E1 (p<0.05) and the highest Wsl (p<0.05). The translucency significantly decreased as the ZnO- NP concentration increased (p<0.05). Conclusions The incorporation of 2 – 5 wt.% of ZnO-NP could endow antibacterial activity to resin composites, without jeopardizing their physicochemical properties.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito da abrasão a ar na transformação de fase t®m, na rugosidade, topografia e composição elementar de três cerâmicas Y-TZP (Zircônia tetragonal policristalina estabilizada por ítrio): duas convencionais (Lava Frame e ZirCad) e uma de alta translucidez (Lava Plus). Placas obtidas de blocos sinterizados de cada cerâmica foram divididos em quatro grupos: AS (pré-sinterizado); 30 (jateamento com partículas de Al2O3 de 30 mm cobertas com Si); 50 (jateamento com partículas de Al2O3 de 50 mm) e 150 (jateamento com partículas de Al2O3 de 150 mm). Após os tratamentos, as placas foram submetidas à difratometria de Rx, perfilometria 3-D e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de Rx (SEM/EDS). As superfícies pré-sinterizadas apresentaram predominantemente Zr e fase tetragonal. Todos os tratamentos superficiais produziram transformação t®m nas cerâmicas avaliadas. A topografia e a rugosidade foram influenciadas pelo diâmetro das partículas abrasivas (150>50>30>AS). A análise através de SEM mostrou que os três tratamentos produziram fendas retentivas nas superfícies das cerâmicas, por influência do tamanho das partículas. A análise através de EDS mostrou uma diminuição da concentração de Zr, paralela ao surgimento de O e Al, após o jateamento. No grupo tratado com partículas de Al2O3 de 30 mm cobertas com Si foi também observado um aumento de Si após o jateamento. Concluiu-se que, independente do tipo e do diâmetro das partículas, o jateamento produziu transformação t®m, aumentou a rugosidade e alterou a composição elementar das cerâmicas avaliadas. A Lava Plus apresentou comportamento semelhante às cerâmicas convencionais, indicando que esta cerâmica de alta translucidez pode ser mais adequada à confecção de restaurações monolíticas no campo da odontologia estética restauradora.

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of air-abrasion on t®m phase transformation, roughness, topography and the elemental composition of three Y-TZP (Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal) dental ceramics: two conventional (Lava Frame and IPS ZirCad) and one with high-translucency (Lava Plus). Plates obtained from sintered blocks of each ceramic were divided into four groups: AS (as-sintered); 30 (air-abrasion with 30 mm Si-coated Al2O3 particles); 50 (air-abrasion with 50 mm Al2O3 particles) and 150 (air-abrasion with 150 mm Al2O3 particles). After the treatments, the plates were submitted to X-ray diffractometry; 3-D profilometry and SEM/EDS. The AS surfaces were composed of Zr and t phases. All treatments produced t®m phase transformation in the ceramics. The diameter of air-abrasion particles influenced the roughness (150>50>30>AS) and the topography. SEM analysis showed that the three treatments produced groove-shaped microretentions on the ceramic surfaces, which increased with the diameter of air-abrasion particles. EDS showed a decrease in Zr content along with the emergence of O and Al elements after air-abrasion. Presence of Si was also detected on the plates air-abraded with 30 mm Si-coated Al2O3 particles. It was concluded that irrespective of the type and diameter of the particles, air-abrasion produced t®m phase transformation, increased the roughness and changed the elemental composition of the three Y-TZP dental ceramics. Lava Plus also behaved similarly to the conventional Y-TZP ceramics, indicating that this high translucency ceramic could be more suitable to build monolithic ceramic restorations in the aesthetic restorative dentistry field.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare coating dimensions and surface characteristics of two different esthetic covered nickel-titanium orthodontic rectangular archwires, as-received from the manufacturer and after oral exposure. The study was designed for comparative purposes. Both archwires, as-received from the manufacturer, were observed using a stereomicroscope to measure coating thickness and inner metallic dimensions. The wires were also exposed to oral environment in 11 orthodontic active patients for 21 days. After removing the samples, stereomicroscopy images were captured, coating loss was measured and its percentage was calculated. Three segments of each wire (one as-received and two after oral exposure) were observed using scanning electron microscopy for a qualitative analysis of the labial surface of the wires. The Lilliefors test and independent t-test were applied to verify normality of data and statistical differences between wires, respectively. The significance level adopted was 0.05. The results showed that the differences between the wires while comparing inner height and thickness were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). In average, the most recently launched wire presented a coating thickness twice that of the control wire, which was also a statistically significant difference. The coating loss percentage was also statistically different (p = 0.0346) when the latest launched wire (13.27%) was compared to the control (29.63%). In conclusion, the coating of the most recent wire was thicker and more uniform, whereas the control had a thinner coating on the edges. After oral exposure, both tested wires presented coating loss, but the most recently launched wire exhibited better results.

Resumo Estudos vêm demonstrando uma diminuição na resistência adesiva em dentina tratada com hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl). O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do plasma de argônio não-térmico na resistência de união de um sistema adesivo autocondicionante à dentina exposta ao NaOCl. Trinta e duas superfícies dentinárias lisas de incisivos bovinos foram imersas em NaOCl a 2,5% por 30 min para simular o passo de irrigação durante o tratamento endodôntico. Os espécimes foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=8), de acordo com o tratamento de superfície: Controle (sem tratamento de plasma), AR15 (plasma de argônio por 15 s), AR30 (plasma de argônio por 30 s) e AR45 (plasma de argônio por 45 s). Para teste de resistência de união por microtração, cinco espécimes foram utilizadas por grupo. Em cada grupo, os espécimes foram hibridizados com um sistema adesivo autocondicionante (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray) e blocos de resina composta foram construídos. Após 48 h de armazenamento em água, os espécimes foram seccionados em palitos (5 por dente - 25 por grupo) e submetidos ao teste de resistência de união por microtração (μTBS) até a fratura, avaliando o padrão de fratura. Três amostras por grupo foram analisadas sob espectroscopia por FTIR para verificar as modificações químicas produzidas pelos tratamentos na dentina. Os dados de microtração foram avaliados estatisticamente utilizando os testes de ANOVA e Tamhane (p<0,05). AR30 apresentou o maior μTBS (20,86±9,0). AR15 (13,81±6,4) e AR45 (11,51±6,8) foram estatisticamente semelhantes ao controle (13,67±8,1). A espectroscopia por FTIR mostrou que o tratamento de plasma produziu modificações químicas na dentina. Como conclusão, o tratamento de plasma de argônio não-térmico por 30 s produziu alterações químicas na dentina e melhorou o μTBS do Clearfil SE Bond à dentina tratada com NaOCl.

Abstract Studies have been showing a decrease of bond strength in dentin treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of non-thermal argon plasma on the bond strength of a self-etch adhesive system to dentin exposed to NaOCl. Thirty-two flat dentin surfaces of bovine incisors were immersed in 2.5% NaOCl for 30 min to simulate the irrigation step during endodontic treatment. The specimens were divided into four groups (n=8), according to the surface treatment: Control (without plasma treatment), AR15 (argon plasma for 15 s), AR30 (argon plasma for 30 s) and AR45 (argon plasma for 45 s). For microtensile bond strength test, 5 specimens were used per group. In each group, the specimens were hybridized with a self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil SE Bond) and resin composite buildups were constructed. After 48 h of water storage, specimens were sectioned into sticks (5 per tooth, 25 per group) and subjected to microtensile bond strength test (μTBS) until failure, evaluating failure mode. Three specimens per group were analyzed under FTIR spectroscopy to verify the chemical modifications produced in dentin. μTBS data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tamhane tests (p<0.05). AR30 showed the highest μTBS (20.86±9.0). AR15 (13.81±6.4) and AR45 (11.51±6.8) were statistically similar to control (13.67±8.1). FTIR spectroscopy showed that argon plasma treatment produced chemical modifications in dentin. In conclusion, non-thermal argon plasma treatment for 30 s produced chemical changes in dentin and improved the μTBs of Clearfil SE Bond to NaOCl-treated dentin.

Resumo Introdução Os pinos de fibra de vidro são uma alternativa aos núcleos metálicos e apresentam vantagens, tais como: estética, módulo de elasticidade semelhante à dentina e cimentação imediata após o término do tratamento endodôntico. Ainda, apresentam a capacidade de aderir ao cimento resinoso e este, à dentina, por meio de técnicas adesivas. Objetivo Comparar a adesão de um cimento resinoso convencional e um autoadesivo a pinos de fibra de vidro, e os efeitos de diferentes tratamentos de superfície na resistência adesiva dos pinos. Material e método Trinta pinos foram divididos em três grupos: Controle: sem tratamento na superfície; Jateamento: jateamento com óxido de alumínio por 30 segundos, e Peróxido: imersão em peróxido de hidrogênio 24% por um minuto. Em seguida, corpos de prova foram obtidos a partir de cilindros de cimento resinoso contendo o pino de fibra posicionado no centro de seu longo eixo. Em cada grupo, cinco pinos foram associados ao adesivo Âmbar + cimento convencional AllCem Core e os outros cinco pinos, ao cimento autoadesivo RelyX U200. O conjunto pino/cimento foi segmentado e avaliado em relação à resistência de união (RU) por push-out. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de ANOVA e Tukey (p<0,05). Resultado Os cimentos avaliados exibiram valores de RU semelhantes. Em relação aos tratamentos de superfície, os maiores valores de RU foram encontrados no grupo Jateamento. Conclusão O cimento convencional, AllCem Core, e o cimento autoadesivo, RelyX U200, mostraram valores de resistência de união semelhantes. Ainda, o jateamento com óxido de alumínio favoreceu a adesão dos pinos aos cimentos.

Abstract Introduction The fiberglass posts are an alternative to the metal cast, presenting some advantages, such as aesthetics, tensile modulus similar to dentin and can be placed in a single session, immediately after the endodontic treatment. It also has the ability to adhere to the resin cement and the last to dentin by means of bonding techniques. Objective To compare the adhesion of a conventional resin cement with a self-adhesive to fiberglass posts, and the effects of different surface treatments on adhesion of posts. Material and method Thirty fiber posts were divided into 3 groups: control: untreated surface; Blasting: blasting with aluminum oxide for 30 seconds and peroxide: immersion in 24% hydrogen peroxide for 1 minute. Then, the samples were obtained from resin cement cylinders containing the fiber post positioned in the center of its long axis. In each group 5 posts were associated with the adhesive Ambar+conventional cement Allcem Core and the other 5 posts with the self-adhesive cement RelyX U200. The post/cement sample was segment in discs and evaluated for bond strength (BS) by push-out test. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Result The cements evaluated exhibited similar BS values. Regarding surface treatments, the highest BS values were found in blasting group. Conclusion Conventional cement, Allcem Core, and self-adhesive, RelyX U200, showed similar bond strength values. Also, blasting with aluminum oxide favored the adhesion of posts to cements.

Resumo Este artigo realiza um diálogo crítico com a literatura sobre sistemas deliberativos. Propomos uma abordagem em nível meso, nomeada aqui de "subsistema deliberativo", a fim de orientar as pesquisas empíricas nesse campo. Utilizamos técnicas de análise de redes sociais (ARS) para aplicarmos essa abordagem ao subsistema de conselhos de políticas públicas da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Partimos da hipótese de que os principais elos de conexão entre os conselhos seriam mecanismos informais que conectam os conselhos. Os resultados indicam que os conselheiros governamentais fazem parte de vários conselhos simultaneamente, portanto, atuam como elos de conexões no subsistema analisado. Apontamos a necessidade de realizar pesquisas futuras capazes de indicar a conexão dos conselhos com outros subsistemas.

Abstract This article presents a critical dialogue with the literature about deliberative systems. It features an innovative proposal to investigate deliberative arenas in their connections with other parts of the political system and society. It adopts a method present in the field of Social Network Analysis (SNA) to conduct an empirical investigation of public policy councils of the city of Belo Horizonte. Our working hypothesis was that the main links among the councils would be informal mechanisms that promotes institutional interaction. The results show that government councillors are part of various councils simultaneously, so they play the role of links between the practices and institutions in which they work. It suggests the necessity to carry out future studies that would be able to show the connection of councils to the other parts of the broader deliberative system.

Resumen En el artículo se presenta un diálogo crítico con la literatura que trata acerca de sistemas deliberativos. Se propone una aproximación al nivel meso, denominada aquí 'subsistema deliberativo', con el fin de orientar las investigaciones empíricas en este campo. Son usadas técnicas del Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) sobre el subsistema de consejos de políticas públicas de la ciudad de Belo Horizonte (estado de Minas Gerais, en Brasil). Se parte de la hipótesis de que los principales lazos que conectan los consejos entre sí estarían conformados por mecanismos informales. Los resultados indican que los consejeros gubernamentales forman parte da varios consejos de manera simultánea y que, por lo tanto, actúan como lazos vinculantes en el subsistema analizado. Se señala la necesidad de efectuar investigaciones futuras capaces de establecer una conexión de los consejos con otros subsistemas.

Résumé Cet article propose un dialogue critique avec la littérature concernant les systèmes délibératifs. Il propose une approche au niveau méso, ici nommée "sous-système délibératif", afin de guider les recherches empiriques dans ce domaine. Cette approche est faite à partir de l'application des techniques d'analyse des réseaux sociaux (ARS) au sous-système de conseils de politiques publiques de la ville de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, au Brésil. On est parti de l'hypothèse selon laquelle les principaux liens de connexions entre les conseils seraient des mécanismes informels les connectant entre eux. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les administrateurs gouvernementaux font partie de plusieurs conseils d'administration en même temps, de sorte qu'ils agissent comme des maillons de connexions dans le sous-système analysé. Finalement, cet article souligne la nécessité de poursuivre des recherches qui pourraient établir une connexion entre les conseils et d'autres sous-systèmes.

Marginal integrity is one of the most crucial aspects involved in the clinical longevity of resin composite restorations. Objective To analyze the marginal integrity of restorations produced with a model composite based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). Material and Methods A base composite (B) was produced with an organic matrix with UDMA/TEGDMA and 70 wt.% of barium borosilicate glass particles. To produce the model composite, 25 wt.% of UDMA were replaced by POSS (P25). The composites P90 and TPH3 (TP3) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Marginal integrity (%MI) was analyzed in bonded class I cavities. The volumetric polymerization shrinkage (%VS) and the polymerization shrinkage stress (Pss - MPa) were also evaluated. Results The values for %MI were as follows: P90 (100%) = TP3 (98.3%) = B (96.9%) > P25 (93.2%), (p<0.05). The %VS ranged from 1.4% (P90) to 4.9% (P25), while Pss ranged from 2.3 MPa (P90) to 3.9 MPa (B). For both properties, the composite P25 presented the worst results (4.9% and 3.6 MPa). Linear regression analysis showed a strong positive correlation between %VS and Pss (r=0.97), whereas the correlation between Pss and %MI was found to be moderate (r=0.76). Conclusions The addition of 25 wt.% of POSS in methacrylate organic matrix did not improve the marginal integrity of class I restorations. Filtek P90 showed lower polymerization shrinkage and shrinkage stress when compared to the experimental and commercial methacrylate composite.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência de união de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes após estocagem em ácidos presentes no biofilme oral. Foram utilizados três sistemas adesivos: um autocondicionante de dois frascos indicado para uso com a resina composta à base de silorano (P90 System Adhesive- P90), um autocondicionante de dois frascos (Clearfil SE Bond - CSE) e um autocondicionante de frasco único (AdperEasyOne - AEO). Para avaliação da resistência de união à dentina, 90 fragmentos de dentes bovinos foram restaurados de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes. Após a confecção de blocos de resina composta (Filtek Z350 para os sistemas adesivos AEO e CSE; Filtek P90 para o sistema adesivo P90) e estocagem em água destilada por 24 h a 37 °C, os fragmentos foram seccionados para a obtenção de palitos (1 mm2) que foram divididos e estocados nos três diferentes meios de imersão (água destilada, ácido lático e ácido propiônico) por períodos de 7 dias e 30 dias (n=5). Em seguida, foi realizado o ensaio de resistência à microtração. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (3 fatores) e ao Teste de Tukey (α=0,05). O sistema adesivo CSE apresentou maior resistência de união após imersão em água por 7 ou 30 dias. A resistência de união de todos os sistemas adesivos foi menor após imersão em ácido lático e propiônico do que após imersão em água. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tempos de imersão.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of self-etch adhesive systems to dentin after storage in acids from oral biofilm. Three adhesive systems were used in the study: a two-step self-etch adhesive for use with a silorane-based resin composite (Filtek P90 adhesive system - P90), a two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond - CSE) and a one-step self-etch adhesive (Adper Easy One - AEO). The bond strength of these products was evaluated by bonding resin composite (Filtek Z350 for CSE and AEO; and Filtek P90 for P90) to 90 bovine dentin tooth fragments, according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h of water storage at 37 °C, the specimens were sectioned into beams (1 mm2) divided and stored in distilled water, lactic acid and propionic acid, for 7 and 30 days. After storage, the specimens were tested for microtensile bond strength. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). CSE presented the highest microtensile bond strength after storage in distilled water for 7 and 30 days. The microtensile bond strength of all adhesive systems was lower after storage in lactic acid and propionic acid than after water storage. Significant difference was not found between storage times.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a absorção e a solubilidade de uma resina composta nanopartículada (Filtek Z350) e de uma híbrida (Filtek P60) em substâncias simuladoras do ambiente oral em um modelo de cavidade profunda. Uma cavidade cilíndrica, construída em uma raiz de um incisivo bovino, foi preenchida incrementalmente com as resinas compostas. Os cilindros obtidos foram seccionados perpendicularmente ao eixo para obtenção de discos com 1 mm de espessura, que foram divididos em 15 grupos (n=5) de acordo com a profundidade (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 mm) e o meio de imersão (água destilada - AD, saliva artificial - SA e ácido lático - AL). A absorção e a solubilidade foram calculadas com base na norma ISO 4049:2000(E). Adicionalmente, o grau de conversão (GC%) foi calculado através de espectroscopia FT-IR. Os dados obtidos foram analisados usando análise de variância multifatorial, teste de Tukey HSD e análise de regressão linear (a=0,05). A resina composta híbrida apresentou o maior grau de conversão, sendo este influenciado pela profundidade da cavidade (p<0,05). A resina composta nanopartículada apresentou maiores valores de absorção e solubilidade (p<0,05). O meio de imersão influenciou a absorção e a solubilidade: AL>SA>AD (p<0,05). Ambos os fenômenos foram influenciados pela profundidade da cavidade, com os valores aumentando de 1 para 5 mm (p<0,05). A degradação de restaurações de resinas compostas pode ser maior em regiões profundas de restaurações classe II e quando o material é exposto à ácidos orgânicos produzidos pelo biofilme oral (ácido lático).

The aim of this study was to analyze the sorption and solubility of a nanofilled (Filtek Z350) and a midifilled (Filtek P60) resin composite in oral environment-like substances, in a simulated deep cavity. A cylindrical cavity prepared in a bovine incisor root was incrementally filled with resin composites. The obtained resin composite cylinders were cut perpendicularly to the axis to obtain 1-mm-thick discs that were divided into fifteen groups (n=5) according to depth (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm) and immersion media (distilled water - DW, artificial saliva - AS and lactic acid - LA). The sorption and solubility were calculated based on ISO 4049:2000. Additionally, the degree of conversion (DC%) was calculated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test and linear regression analysis (a=0.05). The DC% was higher for the midifilled resin composite and was negatively influenced by cavity depth (p<0.05). The nanofilled resin composite presented higher sorption and solubility than did the midifilled (p<0.05). The immersion media influenced the sorption and the solubility as follows: LA>AS>DW, (p<0.05). Both phenomena were influenced by cavity depth, with the sorption and solubility increasing from 1 to 5 mm (p<0.05). The degradation of resin composite restorations may be greater in the deepest regions of class II restorations when the composite is exposed to organic acids present in the oral biofilm (lactic acid).

Indirect restorations in contact with free gingival margins or principally within the gingival sulcus, where the presence of organic acids produced by oral biofilm is higher, may present faster degradation of the resin-based cement pellicle. Objectives To investigate the degradation of four resin-based cements: Rely X ARC (R), Variolink II (V), Enforce (E) and All Cem (A), after immersion in distilled water (DW), lactic acid (LA) and artificial saliva (AS) and to analyze the influence of the activation mode on this response. Material and Methods Two activation modes were evaluated: chemical (Ch) and dual (D). In the dual activation, a two-millimeter thick ceramic disk (IPS Empress System) was interposed between the specimen and light-curing unit tip. Specimens were desiccated, immersed in distilled water, artificial saliva and lactic acid 0.1 M at 37°C for 180 days, weighed daily for the first 7 days, and after 14, 21, 28, 90 and 180 days and were desiccated again. Sorption and solubility (µg/mm 3 ) were calculated based on ISO 4049. The data were submitted to multifactor analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey's HSD test for media comparisons (α=0.05). Results Sorption was higher after immersion in LA (p<0.05) and increased significantly with time (p<0.05). Sorption was influenced by the activation mode: Ch>D (p<0.05). The lowest solubility was presented by R (p<0.05). Conclusions Lactic acid increased the degradation of resin-based cements. Moreover, the physical component of activation, i.e., light-activation, contributed to a low degradation of resin-based cements.